Calidad de vida en niños, niñas y adolescentes con VIH. Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Montevideo, Uruguay, 2019-2020 / Quality of life in children and adolescents with HIV. Pereira Rossell Hospital Centre. Montevideo, Uruguay, 2019- 2020 / Qualidade de vida em crianças e adolescentes com HIV. Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell. Montevidéu, Uruguai. 2019-2020

Introducción: la infección por el VIH es una enfermedad de comportamiento crónico. En Uruguay no hay publicaciones aplicando cuestionarios sobre calidad de vida en menores de 18 años con VIH. Objetivos: conocer la calidad de vida en niños, niñas y adolescentes con VIH que se asisten en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Relacionar la calidad de vida de la población encuestada a su estado inmunológico y carga viral. Comprobar si existe una diferencia en la calidad de vida de los niños, niñas y adolescentes de acuerdo a la edad. Conocer la actividad escolar de niños, niñas y adolescentes mayores de 5 años y su relación con la carga viral. Comparar la percepción de calidad de vida de los padres y su visión de la actividad escolar con la de niños mayores de 5 años. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron niños, niñas y adolescentes con VIH de 1 mes a 18 años. Se aplicó el cuestionario PedsQL 4.0. Se relacionaron los resultados de los niños, niñas y adolescentes con los de sus padres/tutores y con la carga viral. Resultados: la percepción de calidad de vida en esta población es buena y similar en diferentes grupos etarios. La percepción de padres/tutores y la de niños, niñas y adolescentes se correlacionó, al igual que la percepción sobre la actividad escolar. No se encontró asociación entre carga viral indetectable con buena calidad de vida ni con buen puntaje en actividad escolar. Conclusiones: esta patología no parece afectar la vida diaria de esta población según los resultados del cuestionario utilizado.

Introduction: HIV disease is a chronic illness. In Uruguay, there are no publications applying quality of life questionnaires in individuals younger than 18 years old with HIV. Objectives: to learn about the quality of life in children and adolescents living with HIV who are seen at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Centre. To relate the quality of life of the surveyed population with their immune condition and viral load. To learn about school activity of children older than 5 years old and adolescents and its relation with viral load. To compare parents' perception of their children´s quality of life and school activity with that of the children themselves. Method: children and adolescents aged between 1 month and 18 years old with HIV were included in the study. PedsQL 4.0 questionnaire was applied. The results of children and adolescents were compared to the results of their parents and tutors and the viral load. Results: the perception of quality of life in this population is good and does not vary across the different age groups. The perception of parents and tutors and that of children and adolescents was correlated, the same as the perception on school activity. No association was found between undetectable viral load and a good quality of life, neither with good school scores. Conclusions: this disease does not seem to affect the daily life of this population according to the results of the questionnaire used.

Introdução: a infecção pelo HIV é uma doença com características crônicas. No Uruguai não existem publicações sobre a aplicação de questionários de qualidade de vida em menores de 18 anos com HIV. Objetivos: conhecer a qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes com HIV que frequentam o Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell. Relacionar a qualidade de vida da população pesquisada com seu estado imunológico e carga viral. Verificar se há diferença na qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes de acordo com a idade. Conheça a atividade escolar de crianças e adolescentes com mais de 5 anos e sua relação com a carga viral. Comparar a percepção de qualidade de vida dos pais e sua visão sobre a atividade escolar, com a de crianças maiores de 5 anos. Materiais e métodos: foram incluídos crianças e adolescentes com HIV de 1 mês a 18 anos de idade. Aplicou-se o questionário PedsQL 4.0. Os resultados das crianças e adolescentes foram relacionados aos de seus pais/responsáveis e à carga viral. Resultados: a percepção de qualidade de vida nessa população é boa e semelhante em diferentes faixas etárias. Correlacionou-se a percepção dos pais/responsáveis e das crianças e adolescentes, assim como a percepção da atividade escolar. Não foi encontrada associação entre carga viral indetectável com boa qualidade de vida ou com bom escore na atividade escolar. Conclusões: esta patologia parece não afetar a vida diária desta população de acordo com os resultados do questionário utilizado.

Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive infections in children hospitalized between 2000 and 2017 in a Pediatric Reference Hospital (PRH).

BACKGROUND: Uruguay incorporated the conjugate vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) in 1994. In 2008, the vaccine was changed from one with natural conjugated capsular polysaccharide to one with a synthetic polysaccharide component. We describe the frequency and characteristics of invasive Hib infections in children hospitalized in a Pediatric Reference Hospital (PRH) between January 1st, 2000 and December 31st, 2017. METHODS: Sterile site Hib isolations from hospitalized children were included. Clinical and microbiological characteristics were analyzed. Favorable conditions for the infection were considered: incomplete immunization, immunodeficiencies and associated pathologies. Two periods are described: 1, prior to vaccine change (1/1 st/2000- 12/31/08) and 2, post-change (1/1 st/09- 12/31st/17). RESULTS: 45 children were hospitalized: 5 in the first period and 40 in the second. The hospitalization rate per 10,000 discharges was 0.41 (95% CI 0.05-0.77) and 4.2/10,000 (95% CI 2.89-5.48), respectively (p < 0.01). The diagnoses at discharge were: meningitis/ventriculitis (20), pneumonia (16), bacteremia (3), epiglottitis (1), arthritis (1), cellulitis (3) and obstruction of the upper airway (1). Four children presented comorbidities. Twenty seven received less than 3 doses of anti-Hib vaccination and 18 were properly vaccinated (2 were immunodeficient). The median hospitalization was 14 days, 18 children required intensive therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Observed change may be due to: incomplete primary series, inhomogeneous vaccine coverage and immunogenicity of the synthetic polysaccharide. To reduce this public health problem, epidemiological surveillance.

[Characterization of children hospitalized with infective endocarditis in a Pediatric Reference Center of Uruguay, 2011-2018]. / Caracterización de los niños hospitalizados con endocarditis infecciosa en un Centro Pediátrico de Referencia de Uruguay, 2011-2018.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. In recent years there have been changes in the epidemiology of this disease. AIM: To describe epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with a diagnosis of IE admitted to a pediatric hospital from 2011 to 2018. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Children under 15 years of age hospitalized with IE in a reference pediatric hospital in Uruguay were included. Calculations of measures of central tendency and dispersion were used, as well as absolute and percentage frequencies. RESULTS: 11 children were identified, mean age 4 years 6 months (range 5 months - 13 years). Five without risk factors, 6 with risk factors: 5 congenital heart disease (2 with cardiac surgery) and 1 central venous catheter. In 11 blood cultures were obtained prior to antibiotics, 10 a single sample, 1 with two samples. In 9 cases a microorganism was isolated. The most frequent was Staphylococcus aureus 4 children (2 methicillin resistant), followed by group viridans Streptococcus 3 children. In 10 children vegetations were found in the echocardiogram, 6 valvular. The most frequent empirical treatment was ceftriaxone and vancomycin. Complications were heart failure and septic emboli. 5 children required heart surgery. One patient died. CONCLUSIONS: An increase of IE in children without heart disease has been observed, then, it is necessary to have high clinical suspicion in febrile patients. It is important to perform blood cultures prior to the start of antibiotics and to consider coverage against Staphylococcus aureus in empirical initial treatment.

Pneumococcal Meningitis Before and After Universal Vaccination With Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines 7/13, Impact on Pediatric Hospitalization in Public and Nonpublic Institutions, in Uruguay.

This is the first study showing the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in Latin America; a significant (63.5%) reduction in hospitalization was observed during the first 6 years after starting vaccination. A 90% reduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines 7/13 serotypes was observed (P < 0.0001). After vaccination, all strains were penicillin susceptible. Mortality had a reduction of 71%.

Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de niños hospitalizados por enfermedad tuberculosa. centro hospitalario pereira rossell (2010-2013) / Epidemiological characteristics of children hospitalized for tuberculosis. pereira rossell hospital center (2010-2013)

Introducción: la tuberculosis (TBC) continúa siendo un problema de salud pública en el mundo. En Uruguay, en los últimos años se ha notificado un aumento en el número de casos de esta enfermedad en adultos y niños. L os diferentes métodos diagnósticos tienen bajo rendimiento en niños; arribar al diagnóstico especialmente en menores de 5 años constituye un gran desafío. Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de niños hospitalizados por enfermedad tuberculosa (ET) en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell ( HP-CHPR). Metodología: se realizó una descripción retrospectiva de los menores de 15 años que egresaron del HP-CHPR entre el 1° de enero de 2010 y el 31 de diciembre de 2013 con diagnóstico de ET. Se describen las características epidemiológicas, la forma de presentación clínica y la evolución. Resultados: en este período egresaron 64 niños con ET, tasa global de 15,4/10.000 egresos. La mayoría eran menores de 5 años, sanos. Se identificó algún contacto en 73,4% de los pacientes. La TBC pleuro-pulmonar fue la principal forma de presentación clínica. Se confirmó el diagnóstico en 17 pacientes (26,5%) en todos los casos de ET diseminada y tres de los cuatro niños con formas extrapulmonares. Las formas diseminada y extrapulmonar se asociaron a hospitalizaciones más prolongadas y mayor mortalidad. Conclusiones: en esta serie la ET afectó a niños pequeños previamente sanos, la mayoría con contacto identificado. La confirmación diagnóstica constituye un problema. La enfermedad extrapulmonar y diseminada presenta elevada morbimortalidad.

Introduction: tuberculosis is still a public health issue around the world. In Uruguay, the number of adults and children with tuberculosis has increased in the last years. The yield of different diagnostic methods is low in children, and thus its diagnosis in children under 5 years old is a great challenge. Objective: to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children hospitalized due to tuberculosis at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. Method: the study consisted of a retrospective description of children under 15 years old who were discharged from the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2013 with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. The epidemiological characteristics, the forms of clinical presentation and evolution are described in the study. Results: during this period, 64 children were discharged with tuberculosis, a global rate of 15.4/10.000 discharges. Most of them were healthy children under 5 years old. Some kind of contact was identified in 73.4% of patients. Pleuropulmonary tuberculosis was the main form of clinical presentation. Diagnosis was confirmed in 17 patients (26.5%), in all cases of disseminated tuberculosis and in three out of four children with extrapulmonary forms. The disseminated and extrapulmonary forms were associated longer hospitalizations and greater mortality rates. Conclusions: in this series tuberculosis affected small healthy children, most of them with an identified contact. Diagnostic confirmation is a problem. The disseminated and extrapulmonary disease has high morbimortality rates.

Introdução: a tuberculose (TBC) continua sendo um problema de saúde pública no mundo. No Uruguai, um aumento do número de casos em adultos e crianças foi registrado nos últimos anos. Os diferentes métodos diagnósticos disponíveis apresentam baixo rendimento em crianças; diagnosticar , especialmente em menores de 5 anos, é um grande desafio. Objetivo: descrever as características epidemiológicas e clínicas de crianças hospitalizadas por tuberculose (DT) no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR). Metodologia: uma descrição retrospectiva dos menores de 15 anos que tiveram alta do HP-CHPR no período 1° de janeiro de 2010 - 31 de dezembro de 2013 com diagnóstico de DT foi realizada. As características epidemiológicas, apresentação clínica e evolução foram descritas. Resultados: neste período 64 crianças com DT tiveram alta com uma taxa global de 15,4/10.000 altas. A maioria tinha menos de 5 anos e não apresentava outras patologias. Em 73,4% dos pacientes foi possível identificar pelo menos um contato. A TBC pleuro-pulmonar foi a principal forma de apresentação clínica. Em 17 pacientes (26,5%) o diagnóstico foi confirmado em todos os casos de DT disseminada e três das quatro crianças com formas extrapulmonares. As formas disseminada e extrapulmonar foram associadas a internações mais prolongadas e maior mortalidade. Conclusões: nesta série a DT afetou a crianças pequenas previamente saudáveis, a maioria com contacto identificado. A confirmação diagnóstica é um problema. A doença extrapulmonar e disseminada apresenta morbimortalidade elevada.

Epidemiological burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adolescents with predisposing risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: Some medical conditions constitute important risk factors for the development of invasive pneumococcal diseases in children and adolescents aged from 5 to 19 years. Conjugate vaccines have potential efficacy in this scenario, but are not available in many Latin American public healthcare systems for this age group. This study aimed to estimate the preventable fraction of invasive pneumococcal diseases among individuals aged from 5 to 19 years with associated risk factors for its development. METHODS: Data regarding the Latin America population, risk factors prevalence and conjugate vaccines efficacy were obtained from the literature. RESULTS: Total population at risk ranged from 17.3 to 64.6 million of individuals and asthma was the most impacting risk factor. According to SIREVA, PCV13 provided a 62.9% serotypes coverage in individuals from 5 to 29 years in 2012, potentially increasing the covered population from [8,338,457-31,057,620] with PCV10 to [10,906,356-40,622,078] with PCV13. To date, according to available efficacy data, the hypothetically immunized population ranged from 11.4 to 42.4 million, representing 7.0% to 26.0% of the total population in this age group. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination in risk groups should be encouraged, as it potentially contributes to the reduction in the number of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease.

[Pneumococcal invasive disease in newborns before and after 7-valent and 13-valent universal pneumococcal vaccination in Uruguay]. / Enfermedad neumoccócica invasora en recién nacidos, antes y después de la vacunación universal con vacuna conjugada 7 y 13 valente en Uruguay.

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are not frequent in neonates, but presents high morbidity and mortality. In 2008, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in the childhood vaccination schedule and then replaced by 13-valent PCV in 2010. First dose is given at 2 months of age. Protection of neonates is expected with universal vaccination. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation, microbiology and outcome of neonates with pneumococcal invasive infections (PII) detected in two hospitals in Uruguay in 2001-2007 (pre-vaccination), 2008 (intervention) and 2009-2013 (post-vaccination). METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective study was done at Pereira Rossell Hospital and Paysandú Hospital. All isolates of S. pneumoniae obtained from normally sterile fluids were included. Data were obtained from the clinical records and the microbiology laboratory. A statistical analysis with absolute frequencies, relative, rates and relative risk was performed. RESULTS: 25 neonates were enrolled with diagnosis of: sepsis (n = 13), meningitis (n = 9), bacteremia (n = 1), pneumonia with empyema (n = 1) and pneumonia (n = 1). The incidence of PII in the prevaccination period was 19/25, with a rate of 0.30/1,000 births, compared to post-vaccination rate of 0.04/1,000. The relative risk was 5.9. 6/20 (30%) cases of death were reported (meningitis n = 3; sepsis n = 2; empyema n = 1). Most common serotypes were 5 and 1 (14/25) and 24/25 strains were susceptible to penicillin. DISCUSSION: The symptoms were indistinguishable to infections caused by other pathogens. PII cases decreased and no deaths occurred in the post-vaccination period. No increase in non-vaccine serotypes was observed.

Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in children from households with high socioeconomic level in uruguay.

Infectious diarrhea, a common disease of children, deserves permanent monitoring in all social groups. To know the etiology and clinical manifestations of acute diarrhea in children up to 5 years of age from high socioeconomic level households, we conducted a descriptive, microbiological, and clinical study. Stools from 59 children with acute community-acquired diarrhea were examined, and their parents were interviewed concerning symptoms and signs. Rotavirus, adenovirus, and norovirus were detected by commercially available qualitative immunochromatographic lateral flow rapid tests. Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Shigella were investigated by standard bacteriological methods and diarrheagenic E. coli by PCR assays. We identified a potential enteric pathogen in 30 children. The most frequent causes of diarrhea were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), viruses, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Only 2 patients showed mixed infections. Our data suggest that children with viral or Campylobacter diarrhea were taken to the hospital earlier than those infected with EPEC. One child infected with STEC O26 developed "complete" HUS. The microbiological results highlight the importance of zoonotic bacteria such as atypical EPEC, Campylobacter, STEC, and Salmonella as pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in these children. The findings also reinforce our previous communications about the regional importance of non-O157 STEC strains in severe infant food-borne diseases.

Enfermedad neumoccócica invasora en recién nacidos, antes y después de la vacunación universal con vacuna conjugada 7 y 13 valente en Uruguay / Pneumococcal invasive disease in newborns before and after 7-valent and 13-valent universal pneumococcal vaccination in Uruguay

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are not frequent in neonates, but presents high morbidity and mortality. In 2008, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in the childhood vaccination schedule and then replaced by 13-valent PCV in 2010. First dose is given at 2 months of age. Protection of neonates is expected with universal vaccination. Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, microbiology and outcome of neonates with pneumococcal invasive infections (PII) detected in two hospitals in Uruguay in 2001-2007 (pre-vaccination), 2008 (intervention) and 2009-2013 (post-vaccination). Methods: A descriptive, retrospective study was done at Pereira Rossell Hospital and Paysandú Hospital. All isolates of S. pneumoniae obtained from normally sterile fluids were included. Data were obtained from the clinical records and the microbiology laboratory. A statistical analysis with absolute frequencies, relative, rates and relative risk was performed. Results: 25 neonates were enrolled with diagnosis of: sepsis (n = 13), meningitis (n = 9), bacteremia (n = 1), pneumonia with empyema (n = 1) and pneumonia (n = 1). The incidence of PII in the prevaccination period was 19/25, with a rate of 0.30/1,000 births, compared to post-vaccination rate of 0.04/1,000. The relative risk was 5.9. 6/20 (30%) cases of death were reported (meningitis n = 3; sepsis n = 2; empyema n = 1). Most common serotypes were 5 and 1 (14/25) and 24/25 strains were susceptible to penicillin. Discussion: The symptoms were indistinguishable to infections caused by other pathogens. PII cases decreased and no deaths occurred in the post-vaccination period. No increase in non-vaccine serotypes was observed.

Introducción: Streptococcus pneumoniae infrecuentemente produce infecciones en recién nacidos (RN), presentando elevada morbi-mortalidad. En Uruguay, en 2008 se incorporó al calendario de inmunizaciones infantil la vacuna conjugada neumocóccica (VCN) 7 valente, (sustituída por VCN13 en 2010). La vacunación comienza a los dos meses de vida. Se espera que la vacunación universal tenga impacto en la protección de RN. Objetivo: Describir la presentación clínica, microbiología y evolución de RN con enfermedad neumocóccica invasora (ENI), identificados en dos hospitales de Uruguay, años 2001-2007 (pre-vacunación), 2008 (intervención) y 2009-2013 (post-vacunación). Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Lugar: Hospital Pereira Rossell y Hospital Paysandú. Se incluyeron todos los aislados de S. pneumoniae a partir de líquidos normalmente estériles. Fuente de datos: laboratorios de bacteriología e historias clínicas. Análisis estadístico: frecuencias absolutas, relativas, tasas y riesgo relativo. Resultados: RN con ENI: 25, sepsis (n: 13), meningitis (n: 9), bacteriemia (n: 1), neumonía con empiema (n: 1), neumonía (n: 1). Incidencia de ENI en el período pre-vacunación 19/25, tasa 0,30/1.000 nacimientos; tasa post-vacunación: 0,04/1.000. Riesgo relativo 5,9. Fallecimientos: 6/20 (30%): meningitis (n: 3), sepsis (n: 2), empiema (n: 1). Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron: 5 y 1 (14/25). Susceptibles a penicilina: 24/25. Discusión: Los síntomas fueron indistinguibles de infecciones causadas por otros patógenos. Disminuyeron los casos de ENI y no ocurrieron fallecimientos en el período post-vacunación. No aumentaron los serotipos no vacunales.

Intracellular bacteria in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in children.

BACKGROUND: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common agent of urinary tract infection (UTI). The classic model of pathogenesis proposes the ascent of UPEC by the urethra and external adherence to the urothelium. Recently, the ability of UPEC to invade urothelial cells and to form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) has been described. METHODS: The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of intracellular bacteria (IB) in children with UTI caused by E. coli and to characterize its virulence attributes and its relation with clinical outcomes. One hundred thirty-three children with E. coli UTI who attended a reference children's hospital between June and November 2012 were included. Urine samples were analyzed by optical and confocal microscopy looking for exfoliated urothelial cells with IB. Phylogenetic group and 24 virulence factors of UPEC were determined using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Medical records were analyzed. RESULTS: The presence of IB was detected in 49 of 133 (36.8%) samples by confocal microscopy, in 30 cases as IBC, and in 19 as isolated intracellular bacteria (IIB). Only 50% of these cases could be detected by light microscopy. Seventy-four medical records were analyzed, 34 with IBC/IIB, 40 without IB. Any virulence gene was associated with IBC/IIB. The presence of IBC/IIB was associated with recurrent UTI (odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-9; P = .017), especially in children without urinary tract functional or morphological abnormalities (OR, 8.0; 95% CI, 2.3-27.4; P = .000). IBCs were associated with lower urinary tract syndrome (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1-11.8; P = .05) and absence of fever (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: IBCs/IIB could explain a high proportion of children with recurrent UTI.

Changes in hospitalizations for pneumonia after universal vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines 7/13 valent and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in a Pediatric Referral Hospital in Uruguay.

BACKGROUND: In 1994, Uruguay included Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) conjugated vaccine in a 3 + 1 schedule. In March 2008, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7) was included in a 2 +1 schedule. In 2010, 13-valent PCV replaced PCV7. Catch-up immunization was offered. The aim of this study was to describe the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children 0-14 years of age hospitalized at the Hospital Pediatrico-Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell between 2003 and 2012. METHODS: Annual hospitalization rates (per 10,000 discharges) for CAP and bacterial-confirmed CAP in children 0-14 years of age was described prior PCV7 vaccination (2003-2007), during the year of implementation of PCV7 (2008) and after the introduction of PCV7 (2009-2012). Data regarding age, strains isolated from pleural fluid and/or blood, vaccination status, pneumococcal and H. influenzae serotypes were obtained from Hospital Pediatrico-Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell databases and vaccination records. RESULTS: Hospitalization rates for CAP and pneumococcal CAP between prevaccine years and the last year after introduction of vaccination with PCV (2012) significantly decreased by 78.1% and 92.4%, respectively. Significant reduction for 13-valent PCV vaccine serotypes and significant increase for nonvaccine serotypes was observed. A decrease in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia was observed. Hospitalization rates for H. influenzae CAP remain stable before and after pneumococcal vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Three years after PCV7/13 introduction into the routine vaccination schedule, there was a rapid and significant reduction in rates of CAP and P-CAP. An increase of etiology of CAP by other agents was not observed.

Urinary tract infection in Uruguayan children: Aetiology, antimicrobial resistance and uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulotyping.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most frequent cause of urinary tract infection (UTI). Virulence factors (VFs) of UPEC in children are not well known. Circulating antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the community are increasing. In this study, the aetiological agents of UTI and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of 124 strains isolated from urine cultures from children with community-acquired UTI were determined. Virulotyping of isolated E. coli strains was also described. ß-Lactam, fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide resistance genes as well as integrons were detected by PCR. E. coli phylogenetic groups and 25 VFs were sought by multiplex PCR. E. coli was the most frequent aetiological agent (88.7%), of which 48.2% belonged to phylogenetic group D and 35.5% to group B2. Moreover, 81.8% were considered UPEC and >93% had virulence structures, with kpsMTII, fimH and iutA being the most frequent. Most of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC) (87.3%), nitrofurantoin (97.3%), cefuroxime and third-generation cephalosporins (100%). Resistance levels to oxyimino-cephalosporins were higher in non-E. coli isolates, with circulation of integrons, blaCTX-M-2 and blaCMY-2 detected in the community. Moreover, 8.1% of isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones, with qnrB found in two isolates. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was found in 37.9% of isolates, with 85.5% harbouring sul genes. E. coli isolated from children with UTI presented high rates of VFs. Nitrofurantoin, AMC and cefuroxime would be suitable antibiotics to treat UTI in children. However, the presence of integrons (fundamentally class 1) and circulation of broad-spectrum ß-lactamases in the community makes continuous surveillance necessary.

Características clínicas y evolutivas de niños con endocarditis infecciosa hospitalizados en dos centros asistenciales de referencia: Uruguay, 2000-2010 / Clinical characteristics and evolution of children with infective endocarditis who were hospitalized in two reference health centers: Uruguay 2000 – 2010

Introducción: la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) en niños es poco frecuente y tiene elevada morbimortalidad. Se han descrito cambios en su epidemiología y etiología que determinan modificaciones en el enfoque terapéutico. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y evolutivas de los niños con EI en dos centros de referencia de Uruguay: el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) y el Instituto de Cardiología Infantil (ICI), entre los años 2000 y 2010. Material y método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se analizaron factores de riesgo, características clínicas, etiología, hallazgos ecocardiográficos, necrópsicos y complicaciones de niños de 0 a 14 años de vida con EI. En la definición de casos se utilizaron los criterios de Duke modificados. Resultados: se identificaron 25 niños, 15 varones, edad media 48,2 meses. Presentaban cardiopatía estructural 16 niños: cardiopatía congénita (15) y cardiopatía reumática (1). De los niños con cardiopatía congénita, 10 habían sido sometidos a cirugía cardíaca o procedimientos vasculares invasivos. La etiología bacteriana se confirmó en 23. Staphylococcus aureus fue aislado en 9. En 20 se evidenciaron vegetaciones valvulares. Fueron sometidos a cirugía 17 niños. Siete presentaron complicación embólica. Fallecieron cinco niños. Se realizó necropsia en un paciente. Conclusiones: la realización de hemocultivos en forma oportuna permitió identificar el agente etiológico en la mayoría de los casos. La etiología estafilocóccica fue la más frecuente. La antibioticoterapia empírica debe contemplar este agente. Se destaca la elevada frecuencia de EI en niños sin cardiopatía. En esta serie se observaron complicaciones graves que requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico. La mortalidad fue de 20%.

Introduction: infective endocarditis (IE) is rather unusual in children, being morbimortality rates high. Variations determining modifications in the therapeutic approach have been described in terms of their epidemiology and etiology.Objective: to describe the clinical characteristics and evolution of children with IE in two reference centers in Uruguay: Pereira Rossell Hospital Center(CHPR) and Child Cardiology Institute (ICI), from 2000 through 2010.Method: observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Risk factors were analysed along with clinical characteristics, etiology, echocardiographic and necropsy findings, and complications in children between 0 and 14 years old with IE. Duke criteria were used to define cases.Results: 25 children were identified, 15 boys, average age was 48.2 months. Sixteen children evidence structural heart disease: congenital heart disease (15), and rheumatic heart disease (1). Ten of the children with congenital heart disease had undergone cardiac surgeryor invasive vascular procedures. Bacterial etiology was confirmed in 23 cases, being Staphylococcus aureusisolated in 9. Twenty children evidenced valve vegetations and 17 children underwent surgery. Five of themsuffered embolic complications. Five children died. Necropsy was performed in one patient.Conclusion: timely blood cultures enabled the identification of the etiological agent in most cases. Staphylococcus was the most frequent etiology and thus, empirical antibiotic therapy needs to consider this finding.The high rate of IE in children without heart disease is pointed out. In this series, serious complications wereobserved, requiring surgery. Mortality was 20.

Introdução: a endocardite infecciosa (EI) é pouco frequente em crianças e apresenta uma morbimortalidade elevada. Foram descritos mudanças tanto na epidemiologia como na etiologia que determinam modificações no tratamento. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas e evolutivas das crianças com EI em dois centros de referência no Uruguai: o Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) e o Instituto de Cardiologia Infantil (ICI), no período 2000-2010. Material e método: estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo. Foram analisados os fatores de risco, as características clínicas, a etiologia, os resultados ecocardiográficos, necrópsicos e as complicações de crianças de 0 a 14 anos de vida com EI. Os critérios de Duke modificados foram utilizados para a definição de casos. Resultados: foram identificadas 25 crianças com idade media 48,2 meses sendo 15 do sexo masculino. Dezesseis crianças apresentavam cardiopatia estrutural: cardiopatia congênita (15) e cardiopatia reumática (1). Das crianças com cardiopatia congênita, 10 haviam sido submetidas a cirurgia cardíaca ou a procedimentos vasculares invasivos. A etiologia bacteriana foi confirmada em 23 casos. O Staphylococcus aureus foi isolado em 9. Em 20 crianças foram observadas vegetações valvulares. Dezessete crianças foram submetidas a cirurgia. Sete apresentaram complicação embólica. Cinco crianças faleceram. Em uma se realizou necropsia. Conclusões: a realização de hemocultivos no momento oportuno permitiu identificar o agente etiológico na maioria dos casos. A etiologia estafilocóccica foi a mais frequente. A antibioticoterapia empírica deve considerar este agente. Observa-se uma elevada frequência de EI en niños sem cardiopatia. Nesta série foram registradas complicações graves que demandaram tratamento cirúrgico. A mortalidade foi de 20%.

Prevención de hepatitis A mediante vacunación en Uruguay (2005-2010) / Preventing hepatitis A through immunization in Uruguay

Introducción: la hepatitis A es un problema sanitario en países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivos: describir estrategias para controlar hepatitis A mediante vacunación. Describir evolución de número de casos, tasas y brotes entre 2005-2010. Material y método: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo 2005-2010. Se analizan:-Estrategias utilizadas por Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) para controlar hepatitis A mediante vacunación: bloqueo de brotes; población de riesgo e inclusión universal de vacuna. Descripción: número de casos de hepatitis A en Uruguay y Artigas; número de brotes en ciudades, barrios, familia y otros; número de casos/edad.Resultados: se registraron 21 brotes. Se aplicaron 16.715 primeras dosis y 11.354 segundas dosis. Entre el 10 de setiembre de 2007 y el 26 de noviembre de 2007, el MSP y el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social realizaron una campaña de vacunacióndirigida a niños de entre 1 y 5 años del subsector público. Docentes y estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de la República apoyaron y difundieron la campaña. Se aplicaron44.716 primeras dosis y 25.095 segundas dosis. En 2008 se incluye la vacuna en dos dosis en el esquema de vacunación, obligatoria y gratuita. La tasa país disminuyó de 69,6 a 2,7 entre 2005 y 2010 (p<0,05); en el Departamento de Artigas de 780,57/100.000 en 2005 a 0,66 en 2010 (p<0,05). Durante 2005-2008 ocurrieron 22 brotes en ciudades; en 2010 se registraron escasos brotes intrafamiliares y en escuelas. El descenso de número de casos de 2005 a 2010 fue significativo en todas las edades. Comentario: del 2005 al 2010 se produjo una disminución significativay sostenida del número de brotes y tasas de hepatitis A en Uruguay.

Introduction: Hepatitis A is a health problem in developing countries.Objectives: To describe strategies to control Hepatitis A through immunization. To describe the evolutionof the number of cases, rates and outbreaks from 2005 through 2010.Method: Retrospective descriptive study covering the 2005-2010 period of time. The following was analysed:- Strategies used by the Ministry of Public Health to control Hepatitis A through immunization: blocking ofoutbreaks; population at risk; universal immunization. - Description: Number of cases of Hepatitis A in Uruguay, and in the department of Artigas; number ofoutbreaks in cities, neighborhoods, families and other; number of cases/age.Results: 21 outbreaks were recorded. 16.715 first doses and 11.354 second doses were applied. From 10 September, 2007 through 26 November, 2007 the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of Social Developmentconducted an immunization campaign aimed at children in the public sub-sector who were between 1 and 5 years old. Professors at the School of Medicine of the University of the Republic and medical students supported and contributed to the dissemination of the campaign. 44.716 first doses and 25.095 second doses were applied. In 2008 the two dose vaccine is included in the mandatory and free immunization plan. The national rate dropped from 69.6 to 2.7 from 2005 through 2010 (p<0,05); and in the department ofArtigas from 780.57/100.000 in 2005 to 0.66 in 2010 (p<0,05). Between 2005 and 2008 there were 22 outbreaks in cities, in 2010 few intra-family outbreaks and in schools were registered. The decrease in the number of cases from 2005 through 2010 was significant for all ages. Comment: A significant and sustained decrease ofHepatitis A outbreaks and rates was evidenced in Uruguay from 2005 through 2010.

Introdução: a hepatite A é um problema sanitário nos países em vias de desenvolvimento. Objetivos: Descrever estratégias para controlar hepatiteAporvacinação. Descrever a evolução do número de casos, taxas e surtos entre 2005-2010. Material e método: estudo descritivo retrospectivo 2005-2010. Foram analisadas: - Estratégias utilizadas pelo Ministério de Salud Pública (MSP) para controlar a hepatite A por vacinação: bloqueio de surtos; população de risco; inclusão universal da vacina. - Descrição: número de casos de hepatite A no Uruguai e especificamente no departamento de Artigas; número de surtos en cidades, bairros, famílias e outros; número de casos/idade. Resultados: foram registrados 21 surtos. Foram aplicadas16.715 primeiras doses e 11.354 segundas doses. Entre o dia 10 de setembro de 2007 e o dia 26 de novembro de 2007, o MSP e o Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social realizaram una campanha de vacinação dirigida acrianças entre 1 e 5 anos do setor público. Docentes e estudantesde Medicina da Universidad de la República apoiaram e difundiram a campanha. Foram aplicadas 44.716 primeiras doses e 25.095 segundas doses. Em 2008 a vacina em duas doses foi incluída ao esquema de vacinação, obrigatória e gratuita. La taxa país diminuiu de 69,6 a 2,7 entre 2005 y 2010 (p<0,05); no departamento de Artigas passou de 780,57/100.000 em 2005 a 0,66 em 2010 (p<0,05). Durante 2005-2008 foram registrados 22 surtos em cidades; em 2010, foram registrados poucos surtos intrafamiliarese em escolas. A redução do número de casos de 2005 a 2010 foi significativa em todas as idades. Comentário: de 2005 a 2010 observou-se uma diminuição significativa e mantida do número de surtos e das taxas de hepatite A no Uruguai.

Impact of universal pneumococcal vaccination on hospitalizations for pneumonia and meningitis in children in Montevideo, Uruguay.

BACKGROUND: In March 2008, Uruguay included PCV7 into the routine vaccination program, in a 2 + 1 schedule for children <2 years of age. Catch-up immunization was offered to children born in 2007. Greater than 95% of children received their first and second doses. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of this strategy. METHODS: Annual hospitalization rates (per 10,000 discharges) for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children <14 years of age and pneumococcal meningitis are described prior to PCV7 vaccination (2005-2007), during the year of implementation (2008) and following vaccine introduction (2009). Data regarding age, diagnosis, vaccination status, and pneumococcal serotype were obtained from Hospital Pereira Rossell databases and vaccination records. RESULTS: Comparison of hospitalization rates for CAP and pneumococcal-CAP (P-CAP) between prevaccine years (2005-2007) and the year after vaccination (2009) decreased significantly in all children by 56% and 48.2%, respectively. Significant reduction was observed for vaccine serotype P-CAP (serotype 14 P-CAP decreased from 26.6 to 2.5 per 10,000 discharges) in children <2 years of age. A significant reduction in pneumococcal meningitis of 59% was seen in this age group; median rates prevaccination decreased from 17 (12.2-24.9) to 7 (3-11.8) after the administration of vaccine. No vaccine failures for P-CAP or pneumococcal meningitis were seen in fully immunized children. CONCLUSIONS: One year after PCV7 introduction into the routine vaccination schedule of Uruguay, there was a rapid and significant reduction in rates of CAP, P-CAP, and pneumococcal meningitis in children <2 years of age.

Eficacia y seguridad de la instilación precoz de estreptoquinasa intrapleural en el tratamiento del empiema paraneumónico complicado en niños / Efficacy and safety of early intrapleural instillation of streptokinase in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic empyema in children

En enero de 2005, en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell se implementó un protocolo de instilación de estreptoquinasa (STK) intrapleural como alternativa al tratamiento quirúrgico del empiema complicado. La STK intrapleural administrada en los primeros ocho d¡as de colocado el drenaje disminuy la duracion del drenaje de tórax, la necesidad de toracotom¡a y la estad¡a hospitalaria. Objetivo.: describir los resultados de la instilación intrapleural precoz de STK en niños hospitalizados con empiema paraneumónico complicado, y compararlos con los resultados obtenidos tras la instilación en los primeros ocho d¡as de colocado el drenaje de tórax. Material y método: se incluyeron los niños con empiema paraneumónico complicado hospitalizados entre el 1º de abril de 2005 y el 30 de set. de 2007. Se dividieron en dos cohortes. Histórica: niños hospitalizados entre el 1º de abril de 2005 y el 1º de agosto de 2006, en los que el diagnóstico de empiema complicado se hizo según criterios cl¡nicos y ecográficos, que recibieron STK intrapleural en los primeros ocho d¡as luego de colocado el drenaje de tórax. Prospectiva: niños hospitalizados entre el 1º de marzo y el 30 de setiembre de 2007 diagnosticados y tratados según el nuevo protocolo. Se comparó la evolución mediante las siguientes variables: duración del drenaje de tórax, complicaciones, necesidad de toracotom¡a, estad¡a hospitalaria y muerte. Resultados: ambos grupos fueron comparables. La duración de la estad¡a hospitalaria y deldrenaje de tórax fueron menores en los niños tratados con STK intrapleural en forma precoz (p<0,05). Requirieron toracotom¡a dos niños, uno en cada cohorte. El número y tipo de complicaciones fue similar en ambos grupos. Ninguno de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio falleció. Conclusiones: la instilación intrapleural precoz de STK constituye una alternativa terapéutica para el tratamiento de niños con empiema paraneumónico complicado.

In January 2005, a protocol was implemented at the Pereira Rossell Hopital Centre, for the administration of intrapleural streptokinase (STK) as an alternative to surgical treatment of complicated empyema. Intrapleural STK, when administered in the first eight days subsequent to the placing of the drainage diminished the duration of thoracic drainage, the need for thoracotomy and a prolonged stay in hospital. Objective: to describe results of early intrapleural instillation of streptokinase in children hospitalized with complicated parapneumonic empyema, and to compare them to the results obtained after instillation during the first eight days subsequent to the placement of thoracic drainage. Method: children with complicated parapneumonic empyema that were hospitalized from April 1, 2005 through September 30, 2007 were included in the study. They were divided into two cohorts. Historical: children hospitalized from April 1, 2005 and August 1, 2006, when diagnosis of complicated empyema was made according to clinical and ecographic criteria, who received intrapleural STK during the first eight days subsequent to the placement of thoracic drainage. Prospective: children hospitalized from March 1, 2007 and September 30, 2007, diagnosed and treated according to the new protocol. Evolution was compared through the following variables: duration of thoracic drainage, complications, need for thoracotomy, duration of hospital stay and death. Results: both groups were comparable. Duration of hospital stay and thoracic drainage were lower in children treated with early intrapleural STK (p<0,05). Two children required thoracotomy, one in each cohort group. The number and type of complications was similar in both groups. None of the patients included in the study died. Conclusions: early intrapleural instillation of STK constitutes a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of children with complicated parapneumonic empyema.

Em janeiro de 2005, no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell foi implementado um protocolo de instilação de estreptoquinase (STK) intrapleural como alternativa ao tratamento cirúrgico do empiema complicado. A STK intrapleural administrada nos primeiros oito dias após a colocação do dreno reduziu a duração da drenagem de tórax, a necessidade de toracotomia e a permanência no hospital. Objetivo: descrever os resultados da instilação intrapleural precoce de STK em crianças hospitalizadas com empiema parapneumônico complicado, e fazer uma comparação com os resultados obtidos após a instilação nos primeiros oito dias após o começo da drenagem de tórax. Material e método: foram inclu¡das crianças com empiema parapneumônico complicado internadas no per¡odo 1º de abril de 2005 - 30 de setembro de 2007. Foram divididas em duas coortes. Histórico: crianças internadas no per¡odo 1º de abril de 2005 - 1º de agosto de 2006, com diagnóstico de empiema complicado feito por critérios clínicos e ecográficos, que receberam STK intrapleural nos primeiros oito dias após a colocação da drenagem de tórax. Prospectiva: crianças internadas no per¡odo 1º de março - 30 de setembro de 2007 diagnosticadas e tratadas de acordo como o novo protocolo. A comparação da evolução foi feita empregando as seguintes variáveis: duração da drenagem de tórax, complicações, necessidade de toracotomia, permanência no hospital e morte. Resultados: os resultados de ambos grupos eram comparáveis. A duração da internação e da drenagem de tórax foi menor nas crianças tratadas com STK intrapleural precoce (p<0,05). Em duas crianças foi necessário realizar toracotomia, uma em cada coorte. O número e tipo de complicações foi similar em ambos grupos. Nenhum paciente faleceu. Conclusões: a instilação intrapleural precoce de STK‚ uma alternativa terapêutica para o tratamento de crianças com empiema parapneumônico complicado.

Infecciones intrahospitalarias por adenovirus en niños asistidos en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, 2001-2006 / Intra-hospital adenoviral infections in children seen at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center, 2001-2006

Introducción: las infecciones nosocomiales por adenovirus en niños generalmente son más severas que las adquiridas en la comunidad. Desde el año 1999 se implementa una estrategiadenominada Plan de Invierno que tiene por objetivo mejorar la atención de los niños que se hospitalizan por infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas (IRAB) y prevenir las infecciones intrahospitalarias (IH) por virus respiratorios, en especial adenovirus. A pesar de ello se siguen notificando casos de infecciones intrahospitalarias por adenovirus en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell en los últimos años, lo cual nos motiva a describir lascaracterísticas de las mismas durante el período del 1° de enero del año 2001 al 31 de diciembre de 2006. Material y método: se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo basado en la revisión de las historias clínicas de los pacientes, la base de datos informatizada pediasis del hospital,versión 4.02M, registros de la Comisión de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias y el Comité de Fallecidos del hospital. La muestra quedó conformada por 58 pacientes mayores de 29 días ymenores de 5 años que cumplían los criterios para infección respiratoria aguda baja intrahospitalaria viral y se confirmaba por la detección de antígenos de adenovirus en lassecreciones respiratorias por técnica inmunocromatográfica o inmunofluorescencia. Resultados: la mayoría de los pacientes eran varones sanos, 55 de los pacientes requirió internación en centro de tratamiento intensivo, 10 presentaron secuelas pulmonares al egreso y 19 falleció. Se observa una disminución en el número de IRAB intrahospitalarias en los últimos dos años (2005-2006), no registrando ningún fallecido.

Introduction: nosocomia infections due to adenovirus in children are usually less severe than those acquired in thecommunity. Since 1999 we implemented a strategy named Winter Plan, with the purpose of improving health careservices provided to children hospitalized due to acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) and preventing intrahospital infections due to respiratory virus, especiallyadenovirus. In spite of this, cases of adenoviral intra-hospital infections continued to be reported the last year, atthe Pereira Rossell Hospital, what encourages us to describe their characteristics from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2006. Method: we designed a retrospective descriptive study based on the review of medical histories, the hospitalÆs pediasia database - version 4.02M-, records by the Intra-Hospital Infections Commission and the HospitalÆs DeceasedCommittee. The sample consisted of 58 patients older than 29 days of age and younger than 5 years old that met the criteria of intra-hospital viral acute lower respiratory infection, confirmed by the detection of adenovirusantigens in respiratory secretions through immunochromatographictechnique or immunofluorescence.Results: most patients were healthy boys, 55 of patients required hospitalization in the ICU, 10 presented pulmonary sequels upon discharge, and 19 of patients died. We found a decrease in the number of intra-hospital ALRI in the last two years (2005-2006), there being no deaths.

Introdução: as infecções nosocomiais por adenovirus em crianças geralmente são mais graves que as adquiridas nacomunidade. Desde 1999 a estratégia Plano de Inverno vem sendo desenvolvida com o objetivo de melhorar a atenção das crianças hospitalizadas por infecçõesrespiratórias agudas baixas (IRAB) e prevenir as infecções intra-hospitalares (IH) por vírus respiratórios, especialmente os adenovirus. Apesar disso, nos últimos anos foramnotificados casos de infecções intra-hospitalares por adenovirus no Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell; por essarazão descrevemos suas características no período 1° de janeiro de 2001 a 31 de dezembro de 2006. Material e método: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo descritivo baseado na revisão das histórias clínicas dos pacientes, na base de dados informatizada pediasis do hospital, versão 4.02M, nos registros da Comissão de Infecções Intra-hospitalares e Comitê de Falecidos dohospital. A amostra tinha 58 pacientes com mais de 29 dias de idade e menores de 5 anos com infecção respiratóriaaguda baixa intra-hospitalar viral confirmada pela detecção de antígenos de adenovirus nas secreções respiratórias por técnica imunocromatográfica ou imunofluorescência. Resultados: a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino, sadios; 55 dos pacientes necessitaram internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, 10 apresentou seqüelas pulmonares na alta e 19 faleceu. Observa-se uma reduçãodo número de IRAB intra-hospitalares nos últimos dois anos (2005-2006), não havendo registro de nenhum óbito.

Seroprevalence of anti-polio antibodies in a population 7 months to 39 years of age in Uruguay: Implications for future polio vaccination strategies.

This study evaluated the seroprevalence of poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 antibodies and vaccination coverage in 780 subjects aged between 7 months and 39 years in Montevideo, Uruguay, where oral polio vaccine (OPV) is used. Antibody titers were measured and seroprotection rates and geometric mean titers (GMTs) were compared among four age groups. Vaccination histories were recorded from documents and interviews. Seroprotection rates ranged from 72% to 95% in children aged 7-23 months, 31-77% in 2-9-year olds, 14-45% in 10-19-year olds and 20-59.5% in 20-39-year olds. Seroprotection decreased significantly with increasing age (p<0.05). Polio vaccination coverage was >90% for the two youngest age groups. These results could help guide public policy decisions regarding polio vaccination, and support the use of inactivated polio vaccine following cessation of OPV.

Infecciones invasivas por Staphylococccus aureus meticilino resistente adquirido en la comunidad. Presentación clínica y evolutiva observada en dos centros universitarios. Uruguay 2003-2007 / Invasive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clinical and evolutionary presentation observed in two university centers. Uruguay 2003-2007

Introducción: en Uruguay, desde el año 2001 Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente no multirresistente (SAMR-AC) se estableció como un patógeno emergente en las infecciones comunitarias del niño. Entre el año 2003 y 2004, la rápida diseminación de las infecciones por este germen ocasionó la muerte de varias personas generando alarma sanitaria. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y evolutivas de los niños hospitalizados con infecciones invasivas por SAMR-AC en dos centros universitarios en el período 2003-2007. Material y método: se incluyeron los niños con infecciones invasivas por SAMR-AC hospitalizados entre el 1º de enero de 2003 y el 31 de diciembre de 2007 en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR) y en el Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú (HELP). Se definió infección invasiva cuando el germen fue aislado de sitios habitualmente estériles. Se analizó edad, sexo, topografía, complicaciones y mortalidad. Resultados: fueron hospitalizados 78 niños, edad promedio 5,4 años. Las presentaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron empiema (n=28), infección osteoarticular (n=27) y bacteriemia secundaria a infección de piel y partes blandas (n=9). En los niños con empiema, presentaron sepsis o shock séptico, o ambos, cinco; requirieron drenaje de tórax 27 niños, de los cuales 11 presentaron abscesos de pared, seis osteomielitis costal y uno requirió neumonectomía parcial. En el grupo con infecciones osteoarticulares, todos requirieron drenaje; presentaron pandiafisitis nueve; sepsis o shock séptico, o ambos, siete; trombosis venosa profunda cinco, y evolucionaron a la cronicidad cinco. Fallecieron cinco niños (6,4%); tres con empiema y dos con infecciones osteoarticulares. Conclusiones: una proporción importante de los niños con infecciones invasivas por SAMR-AC presentaron secuelas; la mortalidad en esta serie fue 6,4%. El conocimiento de sus formas de presentación clínica y posible evolución, resulta indispensable para el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento empírico adecuado. La caracterización genética de las cepas podría contribuir a mejorar el control y el tratamiento.

Summary Introduction: in Uruguay, since 2001, community acquired non-multiresistant methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus was defined as an emerging pathogen in child community acquired diseases. Between 2003 and 2004, the fast dissemination of infections caused by this germ resulted in several people dying and the uprising of a health alarm. Objective: to describe the main clinical features and evolution in children hospitalized due to community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in two university medical centers between 2003 and 2007. Method: the study was conducted in children with invasive community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infections, who were hospitalized in the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Health Care Center and in the Litoral de Paysandú Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2007. We defined an infection as invasive when the germ was isolated in usually sterile sites. We analyzed age, sex, topography, complications and mortality. Results: 78 children were hospitalized; average age was 5.4 years old. The most common clinical presentations were empyema (n=28), osteoarticular infection (n=27), bacteremia secondary to skin and soft tissue infections (n=9). Among children with empyemia, 5 evidenced sepsis or septic shock, or both; 27 required thorax drain, 11 of which evidenced abcess in the chest cavity, 6 of which evidenced costal osteomyelitis, one of which required partial neumonectomy. Among the osteoarticular infection group, they all required drainage; 9 evidenced pandiaphystis, sepsis or septic sic, or both; 5 evidenced deep vein thrombosis, and 5 evolved to chronicity. Five children (6.4%) died; three of them with empyemia and two with osteoarticular infections Conclusions: a large proportion of children with invasive community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infections presented sequelae; mortality in this series was 6.4%. Learning about the different forms of clinical presentation and possible evolution is essential for early diagnosis and the appropriate empirical treatment. Genetic characterization of strains could contribute to improving control and treatment.

Résumé Introduction: en Uruguay,depuis 2001, Staphylococcus aureus méticilline résistant non multi-résistant (SAMR-AC) s’est établi comme pathogène émergeant aux infections communautaires chez l’enfant. Entre 2003-2004, la rapide dissémination des infections par ce germe a provoqué la mort de plusieurs personnes, ce qui a motivé une alarme sanitaire. Objectif: décrire les caractéristiques cliniques et évolutives des enfants hospitalisés avec infections invasives par SAMR-AC dans deux centres universitaires pendant la période 2003-2007. Matériel et méthode: on inclut les enfants à infections invasives par SAMR-AC hospitalisés entre le 1er janvier 2003 et le 31 décembre 2007 à l’Hôpital Pédiatrique du Centre Hospitalier Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR) et à l’Hôpital École du Litoral de Paysandú (HELP). On détermine infection invasive lorsque le germe est isolé dans des sites habituellement stériles. On tient compte de l’âge, du sexe, de la topographie, des complications et de la mortalité. Résultats: 78 enfants sont hospitalisés, dont une moyenne d’âge 5,4 ans. Les manifestations cliniques les plus fréquentes ont été empyème (n=28), de peau et de parties molles (n=9). Chez les enfants à empyème, cinq ont présenté sepsis ou shock septique, ou les deux; 27 enfants ont requis drainage de thorax dont 11 abcès de paroi, six, ostéomyélite costale et un a subi une pneumonectomie partielle. Dans le groupe d’infections ostéo-articulaires, tous ont requis drainage; neuf ont présenté pandiaphysite; sept, sepsis ou shock septique, ou tous les deux; cinq, thrombose veineuse profonde et cinq ont évolué vers la chronicité. Cinq enfants ont décédé (6,4%); trois par empyème et deux à cause des infections ostéo-articulaires. Conclusions: un taux important des enfants avec infections invasives par SAMR-AC ont eu des séquelles; la mortalité fut de 6,4%. La connaissance de leurs manifestations cliniques et de leur possible évolution, s’avère indispensable pour le diagnostic précoce et un traitement empirique ajusté. La caractérisation génétique des cèpes pourrait contribuer à améliorer le contrôle et le traitement.

Resumo Introdução: no Uruguai, desde 2001, o Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina não multi-resistente (SAMR-AC) está instalado como um agente patológico nas infecções comunitárias infantis. Entre 2003 e 2004, a rápida disseminação das infecções causadas por esse microorganismo causou a morte de várias pessoas gerando um estado de alerta sanitário. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas e evolutivas das crianças internadas com infecções invasoras por SAMR-AC em dois centros universitários de atenção de saúde no período 2003-2007. Material e método: foram incluídas todas as crianças com infecções invasoras por SAMR-AC internados no período entre 1º de janeiro de 2003 e 31 de dezembro de 2007, no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR) e no Hospital Escola do Litoral de Paysandú (HELP). Infecção invasora foi definida como aquela em que o gérmen foi isolado de localizações normalmente estéreis. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, topografia, complicações e mortalidade. Resultados: foram internadas 78 crianças, com idade média de 5,4 anos. As apresentações clínicas mais freqüentes foram: empiema (n=28), infecção osteoarticular (n=27) e bacteriemia secundária a infecção de pele e de partes moles (n=9). Entre as crianças que apresentaram empiema, cinco apresentaram choque séptico, sepse ou ambos; foi necessário realizar drenagem de tórax em 27, onze dos quais apresentavam abscessos de parede, seis osteomilite costal e em um caso foi realizada uma pneumonectomía parcial. No grupo com infecções osteoarticulares, foi necessário fazer drenagem em todos os casos; nove apresentaram pandiafisite, sepse ou choque séptico ou ambos; cinco trombose venosa profunda e cinco evoluíram a caso crônico. Cinco crianças faleceram (6,4%); três com empiema e duas com infecções osteoarticulares. Conclusões: uma proporção importante das crianças com infecções invasoras por SAMR-AC apresentou seqüelas; a mortalidade neste grupo de pacientes foi de 6,4%. É indispensável conhecer as diferentes formas de apresentação destas infecções e suas possíveis formas de evolução para a realização de um diagnóstico precoce e tratamento empírico adequado. A caracterização genética das cepas poderia ajudar a melhorar o controle e o tratamento.

Etiología y presentación clínica de las infecciones osteoarticulares en niños hospitalizados en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell 2003-2005 / Etiology and clinical presentation of osteoarticular infections in children hospitalized in the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center 2003-2005

Introducción: en el año 2001, en Uruguay, se comenzó a observar en niños un aumento en la frecuencia de aislamientos de S. aureus meticilino resistente en niños con infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad (SAMR-AC). Resulta necesario conocer la epidemiología y las manifestaciones clínicas de las infecciones osteoarticulares para adecuar las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Objetivo: describir la etiología, presentación y evolución clínica de los niños hospitalizados con infecciones osteoarticulares en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Material y método: se incluyeron los niños hospitalizados entre el 1º de enero de 2003 y el 31 de diciembre de 2005, con diagnóstico al egreso de osteomielitis, osteoartritis y artritis séptica. Para la definición de caso se consideraron: manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos en el centellograma óseo, germen aislado de hemocultivo o cultivo óseo, o ambos, o articular. Se analizó etiología, presentación clínica, evolución y tratamiento. Resultados: se incluyeron 106 niños; edad media 7 años. Se aisló germen en 56 (52%): S. aureus meticilino sensible 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), otros 12,5% (n=7). Comparados con otras etiologías los niños con infecciones por SAMR-AC tuvieron presentación clínica más grave: pandiafisitis (n=7), focos múltiples (n=1), trombosis venosa profunda y tromboembolismo pulmonar (n=2). Estos 15 niños requirieron drenaje quirúrgico; presentaron estadía más prolongada (promedio 31 versus 13 días) y más secuelas (6 versus 1). Los dos fallecimientos ocurrieron en niños con esta etiología. Conclusiones: SAMR-AC constituye un nuevo agente de las infecciones osteoarticulares en niños en nuestro medio. Frente a la sospecha clínica de esta infección es necesario insistir en la punción ósea diagnóstica e iniciar una antibioticoterapia empírica apropiada para este agente.

Summary Introduction: in the year 2001 an increase in isolation frequencies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) was observed in children with communityacquired infections. We need to know the epidemiology and clinical presentation of osteoarticular infections in order to adapt therapeutic recommendations. Objective: to describe etiology, clinical features and evolution of children hospitalized with osteoarticular infections at the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Health Care Center. Method: the study included children hospitalized from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2005, with a discharge diagnosis of osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis or septic arthritis. The following were considered for case definition: clinical features, bone centellogram findings, blood or bone culture isolated germ, or both cultures or articular isolated germ. Etiology, clinical features, evolution and treatment were analyzed. Results: 106 children were included, average age was 7 years old. The germ was isolated in 56 (52%):41% methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (n=23), community 27% acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5.5% (n=3), others 12.5% (n=7). When compared with other etiologies, children with community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus showed the most serious clinical presentation: pandiaphysis (n=7), multiple foci (n=1), deep venous thrombosis and pulmonarthromboembolism (n=2). 15 children required surgical drainage; and hospitalization time was longer ( average 31 versus 13 days) and more sequels (6 versus 1). Two deaths corresponded to children with this etiology. Conclusions: community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a new agent in osteoarticular infections in children in our country. Upon clinical suspicion of this infection, it is necessary to insist on performing bone puncture as a diagnostic procedure, and to initiate empirical administration of antibiotics that are appropriate for this agent.

Résumé Introduction: en 2001, en Uruguay, on commence à observer (chez des enfants) une augmentation à la fréquence d’isolement de S. aureus méticilline résistant chez des enfants avec infections acquises dans la communauté (SAMR-AC). Il s’avère nécessaire de connaître l’épidémiologie et les manifestations cliniques des infections ostéo-articulaires afin d’y adapter le traitement. Objectif: décrire l’étiologie, la présentation et l’évolution clinique des enfants hospitalisés avec des infections ostéo-articulaires à l’Hôpital Pédiatrique du Centre Hospitalier Pereira Rossell. Matériel et méthode: on inclut les enfants hospitalisés entre le 1er janvier 2003 et le 31 décembre 2005, à diagnostic d’ostéomyélite, ostéoarthrite et arthrite sceptique au moment de la sortie. On tient compte de: manifestations cliniques, données de scintigraphie osseuse, germe isolé d’hémoculture ou culture osseuse, ou les deux, ou articulaire. On analyse l’étiologie, la présentation clinique, l’évolution et le traitement. Résultats: on inclut 106 enfants; moyenne d’âge 7 ans. Prélèvement de germe chez 56 (52%): S.aureus métycilino sensible 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), d’autres 12,5% (n=7). Si on compare à d’autres étiologies, les enfants avec infections par SAMR-AC ont eu une présentation clinique plus grave: pandiaphysite (n=7), localisations multiples (n=1), thrombose veineuse profonde et thrombœmbolisme pulmonaire (n=2). Ces 15 enfants ont requis drainage chirurgical; leur séjour fut plus long (moyenne 31 versus 13 jours) et il eurent plus de séquelles (6 versus 1). Les deux décès chez des enfants ayant cette étiologie. Conclusions: SAMR-AC constitue un nouvel agent des infections ostéo-articulaires chez nos enfants. S’il existe un soupçon clinique de cette infection, il faut faire une ponction osseuse diagnostique et commencer une antibioticothérapie empirique appropriée.

Resumo Introdução: em 2001, observou-se no Uruguai, um aumento na freqüência de S.aureus meticilina-resistente isolados em crianças com infecções adquiridas na comunidade (SAMR-AC). Faz-se necessário conhecer a epidemiologia e as manifestações clínicas das infecções osteoarticulares para adequar as recomendações terapêuticas. Objetivo: descrever a etiologia, apresentação e evolução clínica das crianças com infecções osteoarticulares internadas no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell. Material e método: foram incluídas todas as crianças internadas entre o dia 1º de janeiro de 2003 e o dia 31 de dezembro de 2005, cujo diagnóstico na alta era osteomielite, osteoartrite ou artrite séptica. A definição como caso foi feita considerando as manifestações clínicas, os resultados da cintilografia óssea, o microrganimo isolado de hemocultura ou de cultura óssea, ou ambas, ou articular. Foram analisadas a etiologia, a apresentação clínica, a evolução e o tratamento. Resultados: cento e seis crianças com idade média de 7 anos foram incluídas no estudo. Em 56 (52%) delas foi feito o isolamento de gérmen: S. aureus meticilina-sensível 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), outros 12,5% (n=7). Comparados com outras etiologias, as crianças com infecções por SAMR-AC tiveram quadros clínicos mais graves: pandiafisite (n=7), focos múltiples (n=1), trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolismo pulmonar (n=2). Nestas 15 crianças foi necessário realizar drenagem cirúrgica, o período de internação foi mais prolongado (média 31 versus 13 dias) e foram registradas mais seqüelas (6 versus 1). Os dois óbitos registrados corresponderam a crianças com esta etiologia. Conclusões: o SAMR-AC é um novo agente de infecções osteoarticulares em crianças no nosso meio. Quando houver suspeita clínica desta infecção deve-se insistir na realização de uma punção óssea diagnóstica e iniciar antibioticoterapia empírica apropriada para este agente.